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Mullapudi Venkata Ramana

Mullapudi Venkata Ramana

Mullapudi Venkata Ramana is a Telugu story writer. He is especially known for his hilarious style of writing. He also created a child character called Budugu. Category:Telugu People

Telugu

Telugu (తెలుగు) belongs to the family of Dravidian languages and is the official language of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is also one among the 23 official national languages of India. 19th century Englishmen called it the Italian of the East as all words in Telugu end with a vowel sound. It is also the second most widely spoken language in India, next only to Hindi.

History

The origins of Telugu are not very clear. Telugu words appear in the Maharashtri Prakrit anthology of poems (the Gathasaptashathi) collected by the first century BC Satavahana King Hala. Telugu speakers were probably the older peoples inhabiting the land between Krishna and Godavari. The first clear historical inscriptions in Telugu appear about the 7th century and known literature starts with Nannaya writing the Telugu Mahabharata in the 11th century. There has been prolific literature ever since, but the golden age is considered by many to be the 16th century, under the patronage of the Vijayanagar Emperor Krishna Deva Raya. The western portion of the Telugu speaking lands came under the influence of Mughal rulers during and after the 14th century, and most recently by the Nizams of Hyderabad. Ancient Sanskrit, Persian and Urdu influences show most in the Telugu dialect from these regions. In 1956, 10 Nizam districts and four districts of Rayalaseema were merged to the so-called Northern Circar districts forming the modern telugu vernacular state of Andhra Pradesh.

Classification

Telugu is a member of the Dravidian family of languages ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages#List_of_Dravidian_languages list]). Some other languages in this family are: #Tamil #Kannada #Malayalam #Tulu #Kodava The Chenchu language, Savara language, and Waddar language are tongues closely related to Telugu. For a detailing of the features of the family of languages to which Telugu belongs, see Dravidian languages.

Geographic distribution

Telugu is mainly spoken in the state of Andhra Pradesh and a bit in the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharastra, Orissa and Chhattisgarh in India, but it is also spoken in Bahrain, Fiji, Malaysia, Mauritius and the United Arab Emirates where there are large numbers of Telugu speaking expatriates. Telugu speaking Andhras have become a large and successful Indian community in the USA [http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~kiranv/telugu.htm].

Official status

Telugu is one of the official languages of India. It is the official language of the state of Andhra Pradesh

Dialects

The dialects of Telugu identified by Ethnologue are Berad, Dasari, Dommara, Golari, Kamathi, Komtao, Konda-Reddi, Madiga Salewari, Telangana, Telugu, Vadaga, Vadari, Srikakula, Vishakapatnam, East Godavari, Rayalseema, Nellore and Guntur. In Tamil Nadu the Telugu dialect is classified into Salem, Coimbatore, Chennai Telugu dialects. It is also widely spoken in Virudhunagar, Tuticorin, Madurai and Thanjavur districts .

Derived languages

The dialect spoken in the area between Vijayawada (Krishna) and Rajahmundry (East Godavari) where the first Telugu scholar Nannaya Bhattaraka first wrote the script and other important works is considered the standard dialect. Nannaya has given Telugu a character and the form of language.

Sounds

Vowels

అ ఆ ఇ ఈ ఉ ఊ ఋ ౠ ఌ ౡ ఎ ఏ ఐ ఒ ఓ ఔ అ౦ అః

Consonants

క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ
చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ
ట ఠ డ ఢ ణ
త థ ద ధ న
ప ఫ బ భ మ
య ర ల వ శ ష స హ ళ ఱ

Phonology

Historical sound changes

Grammar

In Telugu, Karta(కర్త) (nominative case or the doer), Karma(కర్మ)(object of the verb) and Kriya(క్రియ) (action or the verb) follow a sequence. This is one of the several reasons why Linguists classify Telugu as a Dravidian Language--this pattern found in other Dravidian languages but not in Sanskrit. Telugu also has the Vibhakthi(విభక్తి) (or preposition) tradition. Telugu is often considered an agglutinative language, where certain syllables are added to the end of a noun in order to denote its case: These agglutinations apply to all nouns generally in the singular and plural. However, in the analysis above, many additional cases were missed. The cases below are found in few Indo-European languages but are common in Finno-Ugric languages.

Location

Motion

Morphosyntactic alignment

Relation

Inclusive/Exclusive Pronouns

Telugu exhibits one of the quirks of Dravidian languages: the bifurcation of the First Person Plural pronoun (we in English) into inclusive (మనము; manamu) and exclusive (మేము; memu) versions.

Vocabulary

Writing system

Main article: Telugu script left The Telugu (తెలుగు) script is believed to descend from the Brahmi script of the Ashokan era. Merchants took the Eastern Chalukyan Script to Southeast Asia where it parented the scripts of Mon, Burmese, Thai, Khmer, C"am, Javanese and Balinese languages. Their similarities to Telugu script can be discerned even today. Its appearance is quite similar to the Kannada script, its closest cousin.. Telugu script is written from left to right and consists of sequences of simple and/or complex characters. The script is largely syllabic in nature - the basic units of writing are syllables. Since the number of possible syllables is very large, syllables are composed of more basic units such as vowels (“achchu” or “swar”) and consonants (“hallu” or “vyanjan”). Consonants in consonant clusters take shapes which are very different from the shapes they take elsewhere. Consonants are presumed to be pure consonants, that is, without any vowel sound in them. However, it is traditional to write and read consonants with an implied 'a' vowel sound. When consonants combine with other vowel signs, the vowel part is indicated orthographically using signs known as vowel “maatras”. The shapes of vowel “maatras” are also very different from the shapes of the corresponding vowels. The overall pattern consists of 60 symbols, of which 16 are vowels, 3 vowel modifiers, and 41 consonants. Spaces are used between words as word separators. The sentence ends with either a single (“purna virama”) or a double bar (“deergh virama”). They also have a set of symbols for numerals, though Arabic numbers are typically used. Telugu is assigned Unicode codepoints: 0C00-0C7F (3072-3199).

Examples

ఒకటి - one
రెండు - Two
మూడు - Three
అమ్మ - Mother
ఆవు - Cow
ఇల్లు - House
ఈగ - HouseFly

Literature in Telugu

Main article: Telugu literature The Vijayanagara dynasty produced a very prolific set of poets during the reign of Sri Krishnadevaraya. Tenali Ramakrishna, Dhoorjati and Allasani Peddana were Krishnadevaraya's court poets. Sri Pothuluri Veerabrahmendra Swami (like his western counterpart Nostradamus) composed "Kalagnanam", the records of the past, present, and future. The famous Indian literary epic, the Mahabharatha, was translated into telugu over a period of a few centuries by Nannaya, Tikkana and Yerrapragada. Nannaya is also credited to have participated in formalizing Telugu grammar. Pothana wrote the Bhagavatam that focuses on devotion to MahaVishnu and his avatars (incarnations). A number of famous luminaries in classical Indian music called "Carnatic Music" wrote their works in telugu. Tyagaraja, Annamacharya and Kshetrayya are among a large number of contributors. Modern composers like Mysore Vasudevachari also chose Telugu as their medium of composition.

See also


- Telugu cinema
- List of Telugu films
- Languages of India
- List of national languages of India
- List of Indian languages by total speakers

External links


- [http://telugutanam.blogspot.com TELUGU...a language sweeter than honey]
- [http://www.telugudiaspora.com Telugus Abroad]
- [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tel Ethnologue report for Telugu]
- [http://www.sahiti.org/dict/index.jsp?code=TCW On-line English-Telugu Dictionaries (C. P. Brown's and V. Rao Vemuri's)]
- [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/brown/ On-line Telugu-English Dictionary(C.P.Brown)]
- [http://language-directory.50webs.com/languages/telugu.htm Telugu Language resources]
- [http://www.telugutanam.com/italianofeast Telugu organizations in the USA].
- [http://www.iit.edu/~laksvij/language/telugu.html Romanised to Unicode Telugu transliterator]
- [http://telugutanam.blogspot.com/2005/04/telugu-women-writers-of-last-millenium.html Telugu Women Writers of the last millennium]
- [http://padma.mozdev.org Padma - Mozilla extension for automatic transform to Unicode for Telugu web sites using dynamic fonts like Eenadu, Tikkana, Vaartha, Hemalatha, Andhra Jyothy, Andhra Prabha, Telugu Lipi etc.]
- [http://geocities.com/vnagarjuna/padma.html Padma - Unicode Transformer for Telugu Text in RTS, fonts like Eenadu, Tikkana, Vaartha, Hemalatha, Andhra Jyothy, Andhra Prabha etc.] Category:Dravidian languages Category:Languages of India Category:Vowel harmony languages ms:Bahasa Telugu ja:テルグ語 simple:Telugu

Budugu

Budugu is a fictional character created by Mullapudi Venkata Ramana of Andhra Pradesh in India. Budugu is a precocious and bratty child, characterised by inimitable childish Telugu (a south Indian language). Mullapudi describes the world as seen through his eyes with humour. Recurring characters include his immediate family (parents, grandmother, and unmarried uncle) who live in their extended family and various neighbors who make cameo appearances. The drawings of Budugu are by Bapu, a maker of Telugu films. Bapu derived heavily from Dennis the Menace in his drawings of Budugu. What the drawings lack for in originality, they make up for in capturing the expressions of the characters perfectly. Category:Characters in written fiction

Category:Telugu People

List of Telugu People This category would contain people who can speak Telugu. Such people could be natives of Andhra Pradesh, NRIs, people of Indian Origin and finally, Indians from other states but settled in Andhra Pradesh. The common factor that links all these people should be that they can at least speak and understand a smattering of Telugu. Telugu Category:Andhra Pradesh Category:South India

Theotokos

Guds moder, den vanligaste titeln på Jungfru Maria, som dogmatiskt definierades på konciliet i Efesos 431. Formuleringen "Guds moder" (grek. Theotokos, "Gudaföderska") var riktad mot Nestorios' lära att Maria enbart fött Kristi mänskliga natur till världen och inte den gudomliga. I stället framhölls här att Kristus är oupplösligen Gud och människa. Theotokos blev en återkommande titel för Maria i de östliga liturgierna och övertogs under medeltiden av det latinska västerlandet (Dei Genetrix). Gudsmodersbilder kallas ikoner av Maria och barnet, eftersom de vill uttrycka inkarnationens mysterium: att han som är gudomlig har blivit född av en kvinna. Kategori:Kristendom ja:神の母

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